Carrying of the Cross

Jacob Jordaens: The Artist and His Significance

Jacob Jordaens (1593–1678) was a prominent Flemish Baroque painter, celebrated for his vibrant compositions, robust figures, and dramatic use of light and color. Born and based in Antwerp, Jordaens emerged as a leading artist of his era, alongside giants like Peter Paul Rubens and Anthony van Dyck. Though he was closely associated with Rubens—collaborating with him and even finishing some of Rubens’ commissions after his death—Jordaens developed a distinctive style, characterized by earthy realism, expressive movement, and a capacity to imbue traditional religious scenes with human warmth and dynamism.

Jordaens' rise to prominence can be traced to his mastery in narrative composition and his ability to blend classical influences with local Flemish traditions. He was adept at interpreting both religious and mythological subjects, often rendering them with a palpable vitality and directness.

Historical Context of "Carrying of the Cross"

"Carrying of the Cross," painted in oil on canvas, was created during the height of the Catholic Counter-Reformation—a period that profoundly influenced European art. Flemish artists were commissioned to produce large, emotionally compelling works aimed at inspiring devotion and reaffirming Catholic values in the face of Protestant iconoclasm. Antwerp, Jordaens' home city, was a center for such religious art production.

In this painting, Jordaens addressed a pivotal episode from the Passion of Christ: Jesus’ burdened ascent to Golgotha, the site of crucifixion. This theme was not only central to the Catholic narrative but also to the broader tapestry of European religious art, resonating with viewers for its pathos, drama, and spiritual intensity.

Religious and Cultural Significance

"Carrying of the Cross" carries immense religious significance as it presents one of the central mysteries of Christian faith: Christ’s suffering, endurance, and ultimate sacrifice for humanity’s redemption. Depicting this moment was an act of devotional storytelling, intended to move viewers to compassion, contrition, and spiritual reflection.

Within the socio-cultural context of the Counter-Reformation, works like Jordaens’ served a dual function: reinforcing Catholic doctrine through visually powerful, accessible imagery, and providing the faithful with tangible representations of theological truths. The emotional immediacy of Jordaens’ depiction would have allowed believers to connect personally with the narrative, stimulating empathy as well as piety.

Symbolism and Iconography

Jordaens employs a range of symbolic devices and iconographic elements traditionally associated with the Passion:

• The Cross: Central to the image, the heavy wooden cross represents not only the instrument of Christ’s impending death but also the burdens of sin borne by humanity and carried by Christ.
• Christ’s Expression: Jordaens often shows Christ with a mixture of pain, exhaustion, and resignation, encapsulating both his physical suffering and his spiritual resolve.
• Surrounding Figures: Key secondary characters, such as Simon of Cyrene (who aids Christ), the Virgin Mary, Mary Magdalene, Roman soldiers, and hostile or empathetic onlookers, populate the composition. These figures represent a spectrum of human responses to Christ's ordeal—contempt, compassion, apathy, sorrow—inviting viewers to see themselves reflected within the scene.
• Physical Gestures: The gestures and poses—upraised arms, reaching hands, averted faces—dramatize the psychological tension and accentuate the narrative’s emotional stakes.

While drawing on these traditional motifs, Jordaens’ rendering is marked by a vivid realism and earthy immediacy, eschewing excessive idealization in favor of relatable humanity.

Artistic Techniques

Jordaens’ technique in "Carrying of the Cross" demonstrates his mastery of the Baroque idiom:

• Oil on Canvas: The use of oil paint allowed for rich color modulation, deep chiaroscuro (contrasts of light and dark), and layered glazing to create a luminous surface and textual variety.
• Dynamic Composition: Jordaens orchestrates a swirling, diagonal movement through the mass of figures, guiding the viewer’s gaze toward the suffering Christ. The crowded grouping intensifies the sense of chaos and urgency, heightening the drama.
• Expressive Realism: The artist’s interest in physiognomy and body language shines through. Jordaens conveys a range of emotions—from grief to cruelty—through vivid facial expressions and dramatic poses.
• Color and Light: Warm earth tones interspersed with brilliant highlights imbue the painting with energy. Jordaens uses light to emphasize Christ’s vulnerability and spiritual significance, often contrasting him with the darker mass of antagonistic figures.
• Textural Detail: True to Flemish tradition, Jordaens lavishes attention on textures—from lustrous fabrics to gritty wood—to lend the scene a tactile immediacy.

Cultural Impact

"Carrying of the Cross" stands as a testament to the enduring power of religious art in early modern Europe. Jordaens’ interpretation has influenced generations of artists, both within Flanders and beyond, particularly in how religious experience could be dramatized with both grandeur and psychological nuance.

The painting’s emotionally charged imagery and technical brilliance secured its status as a touchstone of both devotional painting and Baroque artistry. Its visual language of suffering, empathy, and redemption remains potent, resonating with modern audiences as much as it did with 17th-century viewers.

Jordaens’ work continues to be studied for its innovative synthesis of Northern realism and Italianate drama. "Carrying of the Cross" typifies his ability to draw viewers into the sacred narrative, making them participants in the unfolding story, rather than distant observers.

Sources

• Art Institute of Chicago. “Carrying of the Cross by Jacob Jordaens.”
  https://www.artic.edu/artworks/
• Liedtke, Walter. Flemish Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1984.
• Vlieghe, Hans. Flemish Art and Architecture, 1585-1700. Yale University Press, 1998.
• Belkin, Kristin Lohse. Rubens. Phaidon Press, 1998.
• Zeri, Federico. “Jacob Jordaens and Religious Baroque Art in Flanders.” The Burlington Magazine, vol. 109, no. 772, 1967, pp. 273–278.