The Four Evangelists

The Four Evangelists by Jacob Jordaens: An Exploration

Jacob Jordaens stands as one of the most significant Flemish Baroque painters, recognized for his vibrant palettes, lively compositions, and nuanced portrayal of biblical scenes. Among his celebrated works, The Four Evangelists exemplifies his mastery over oil on canvas, inviting viewers into a rich intersection of religious narrative, symbolic iconography, and Baroque artistry.

Artist Background and Significance

Jacob Jordaens (1593–1678) was a contemporary of Peter Paul Rubens and Anthony van Dyck, forming, alongside them, the triumvirate of Antwerp’s Golden Age painters. Though he never traveled to Italy—unlike many of his peers—Jordaens’ works display knowledge of classical themes and mastery in handling light, shadow, and anatomy. Early in his career, religious commissions dominated his output, revealing his capability to infuse sacred subjects with humanity and exuberant realism.

Jordaens’ significance lies in his blend of dynamic composition and robust, earthy sensibility. His figures are often monumental, earthy, and imbued with a visual energy that bridges the spiritual and the tangible. While deeply rooted in the Catholic visual culture of the Spanish Netherlands, his works also exhibit a distinct Flemish flavor, marked by abundance and vivacity.

Historical Context of the Artwork

The Four Evangelists was painted during the early-to-mid seventeenth century, a period when the Catholic Church was responding to the challenges of the Reformation through the visual language of the Counter-Reformation. Antwerp, the city from which Jordaens worked, was firmly under Habsburg (Spanish) control, and art served as a persuasive instrument to convey religious zeal, clarity, and emotional engagement.

The depiction of the four authors of the canonical Gospels—Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John—was a popular theme commissioned for churches, private devotion, and religious institutions. In this charged atmosphere, representations of evangelists emphasized both individual characterization and shared spiritual authority. Jordaens’ choice of oil on canvas allowed for rich coloring, flexibility, and physical scale, well-matched to the ambitions of Counter-Reformation art.

Religious and Cultural Significance

The four evangelists occupy a foundational role in Christian doctrine, representing the authors of the New Testament’s first four books. Each is traditionally associated with distinct iconographic symbols, drawn from visions described in the Book of Ezekiel and Revelation: Matthew (a man or angel), Mark (a lion), Luke (an ox), and John (an eagle). These figures collectively embody the transmission of Christ’s teachings, serving as ultimate conveyors of the Gospel message.

Their depiction in art functions both as a didactic tool and an expression of veneration for the sources of Christian scripture. In Catholic contexts, images of the evangelists reinforced the Church’s theological authority and the continuity of apostolic tradition. Such representations were not merely decorative but actively intended to inspire reflection and devotion among viewers.

Symbolism and Iconography

Jordaens’ The Four Evangelists is notable for its adherence to and subtle reimagining of traditional evangelist iconography. Each figure is paired with their respective attribute:

• Matthew: Shown with a man or angel, signifying the Gospel’s emphasis on Christ’s humanity and lineage.
• Mark: Accompanied by a lion, representing supernatural courage and resurrection.
• Luke: Together with an ox, symbolizing sacrifice, emphasizing Christ’s role as the sacrificial lamb.
• John: Depicted with an eagle, alluding to spiritual ascent and the divine mystery at the heart of John’s Gospel.

Jordaens often arranges the evangelists in a configuration that suggests both individuality and collective purpose. Their poses, facial expressions, and gestures are rendered with psychological depth, moving beyond rigid prototypes to present them as active thinkers and inspired writers.

Books and scrolls abound in the composition, reinforcing the written word as the essential medium of Christian truth. The background elements, often shadowy or filled with rich color, serve to enhance the figures’ centrality and the luminous presence of inspiration, sometimes indicated by shafts of divine light or the subtle presence of the Holy Spirit.

Artistic Techniques Used

Jordaens exploits the oil medium to full effect, employing rich, saturated colors, energetic brushwork, and keen attention to the tactile qualities of flesh, fabric, and fur. His application of chiaroscuro—the Baroque technique of dramatic light and shadow—heightens the figures’ three-dimensionality. The play of light across the evangelists’ faces and garments not only models mass but symbolizes spiritual enlightenment.

Texture is a hallmark of Jordaens’ method. The silken sheen of robes, the rough surface of manuscripts, the softness of hair and animal fur, all testify to his ability to evoke the material world. Yet this realism is never for its own sake: it serves to root divine revelation in lived reality, inviting the faithful into an immediate, bodily relationship with scripture.

Jordaens’ composition often positions the evangelists in a semi-circle, creating a sense of both conversation and meditative absorption. Their gazes may meet the viewer or remain fixed on their writings or symbols, balancing introspection with engagement. This interplay animates the scene, making abstract theological ideas visually accessible.

Cultural Impact

The Four Evangelists by Jordaens has endured as a model of Baroque religious art, its influence seen in ecclesiastical and devotional imagery across Europe. The artist’s ability to combine solemnity with robust vitality helped define the visual language of Counter-Reformation Catholicism, ensuring that depictions of the evangelists resonated both intellectually and emotionally.

In succeeding centuries, Jordaens’ work continued to be appreciated not only for its religious messages but also for its artistic innovation—the fullness of his forms, the vibrancy of color, and the psychological penetration of his portraiture. His vision helped shape the enduring image of the evangelists as both historical personalities and inspired vessels, underscoring the vital role of art in the experience of faith and culture.

Sources

• Vlieghe, Hans. Flemish Art and Architecture, 1585–1700. Yale University Press, 1998.
• Liedtke, Walter. Flemish Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1984.
• National Gallery of Art. “Jacob Jordaens.” nga.gov
• MacDonnell, Joseph. Baroque Painting: Seventeenth-Century Europe. National Gallery of Art, 1984.
• Grove Art Online. “Jordaens, Jacob.” Oxford University Press, oxfordartonline.com