The Port of Ostia with the embarkation of Saint Paula

The Port of Ostia with the Embarkation of Saint Paula by Claude Lorrain (1639)

Claude Lorrain, born Claude Gellée (1600–1682), occupies a pivotal position in the history of landscape painting. A French painter who spent most of his career in Rome, Lorrain elevated the genre of landscape, integrating classical themes, mythological and biblical figures, and creating some of the most radiant visualizations of light and atmosphere in Western art. Among his celebrated works, The Port of Ostia with the Embarkation of Saint Paula (1639) stands out both for its technical mastery and its compelling narrative content.

Artist Background and Significance

Lorrain’s journey to artistic prominence began with humble origins in the Duchy of Lorraine. Orphaned at an early age, he traveled to Italy, where his exposure to the grandeur of Roman ruins and the Mediterranean sparked a lifelong fascination with the interplay of ancient architecture and the natural world. Claude’s mature works are lauded for their poetic light, serene compositions, and their influence on later European landscape artists, notably J.M.W. Turner and John Constable. His "ideal landscapes," blending real observation with an imagined harmony, marked a turning point from the more mannered approaches of earlier Baroque painting into a new naturalism and lyricism.

Historical Context of the Artwork

The Port of Ostia with the Embarkation of Saint Paula was painted in 1639 at a time when religious and historical subjects were often used as vehicles for grand allegories and the articulation of national or institutional identity. Ostia, the ancient port of Rome, held substantial symbolic value as a point of departure and arrival within both the Roman Empire and early Christian history. Lorrain received the commission for this painting from Philip IV of Spain, for whom he produced several seaports and harbors that blended biblical events with contemporary maritime grandeur.

Religious and Cultural Significance

The painting depicts Saint Paula, a noblewoman of 4th-century Rome and follower of Saint Jerome, embarking from Ostia on her pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Paula’s journey embodied the Christian ideal of renunciation and spiritual striving amid worldly splendor. Her embarkation narrative, recorded in the writings of Saint Jerome, was widely circulated and deeply influential in medieval and baroque spirituality, especially among women’s religious communities.

This subject matter allowed Lorrain to merge themes of pilgrimage, faith-driven exile, and the encounter of the Christian soul with the unknown. The port scene thus functions as both a literal historical episode and a metaphor for spiritual voyage and divine destiny.

Symbolism and Iconography

Lorrain fills the canvas with a remarkable array of symbolic elements, imbuing the bustling harbor scene with layered meaning:

• The Architecture: Classical buildings and ruins recall Rome’s imperial and early Christian legacy. Their grandeur is diminished by the vastness of sea and sky, suggesting the transience of all earthly power.
• Light and Atmosphere: Lorrain’s celebrated golden light, bathing the port in the early morning or late afternoon, transcends mere realism. It symbolizes divine guidance, heavenly promise, and the sanctity of Paula’s mission.
• Saint Paula’s Figure: Centered yet humble, Paula is dwarfed by the monumental environment, emphasizing humanity’s smallness before God’s creation and providence. Her followers and attendants echo themes of fellowship on life’s journey.
• Ships and Water: The ships, sails raised, symbolize transition, hope, and the uncertainty of pilgrimage. Water, simultaneously placid and immense, represents both physical peril and the boundless possibilities of faith.

Artistic Techniques

Lorrain’s technical mastery is evident throughout the composition. His approach fuses observation of nature with compositional idealization:

• Chiaroscuro: The use of subtle gradations of light and shadow gives the scene both realism and mystical resonance.
• Atmospheric Perspective: Distant ships and buildings recede into the misty horizon, creating a powerful sense of depth and spatial vastness. This technique later became central to Romantic landscape painting.
• Color and Light: The honeyed, glowing palette is achieved through layers of translucent glazes, a technique Lorrain perfected to create the impression of atmosphere and time of day.
• Balanced Composition: The architecture, sea, and sky are meticulously arranged along a series of receding planes, leading the viewer’s eye toward the horizon, suggesting infinite open-endedness—a visual metaphor for spiritual longing.

Cultural Impact

The Port of Ostia with the Embarkation of Saint Paula inspired subsequent generations, not only of painters but also writers and thinkers. Lorrain’s port scenes became the model for “historical landscape,” a genre blending narrative with the serene splendor of nature. British art collectors and the Grand Tour elite of the 18th century prized his works for their evocation of lost antiquity and their marriage of Christian narrative with the grandeur of Mediterranean settings.

Saint Paula’s embarkation, through Lorrain’s vision, took on new resonance for early modern viewers: a symbol of leaving behind the familiar for the unknown, guided by faith and hope. The painting remains a testament to Claude Lorrain’s unparalleled ability to distill the sublime from the everyday, and to elevate the landscape itself as a main character in the unfolding of sacred history.

Sources

• Blunt, Anthony. The Paintings of Claude Lorrain: Catalogue Raisonné. Yale University Press, 1966.
• Kitson, Michael. "Claude Lorrain: Liber Veritatis". British Museum Press, 1978.
• National Gallery, London. "The Embarkation of Saint Paula Romana at Ostia". https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/claude-the-embarkation-of-saint-paula-romana-at-ostia
• Wedgwood, C.V. Claude Lorrain. Faber & Faber, 1968.
• Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Claude Lorrain (Claude Gellée)". https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/clau/hd_clau.htm