The Last Supper

The Last Supper by Carl Bloch

Medium: Oil on copper; Year: 1866

The Artist: Carl Bloch

Carl Heinrich Bloch (1834-1890) is regarded as one of Denmark’s most influential 19th-century painters. Born in Copenhagen, Bloch trained at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, eventually earning his reputation through compelling historical and religious works. Throughout his career, Bloch became celebrated for his narrative clarity, emotional expressiveness, and exquisite detail. His religious paintings, in particular, have left an indelible mark in Northern Europe and beyond, becoming a significant visual reference for biblical narratives, particularly within the Lutheran tradition and later, in Mormon iconography.

Historical Context of the Artwork

Painted in 1866, “The Last Supper” was part of a broader commission Bloch received to create 23 paintings for the Chapel at Frederiksborg Castle following a devastating fire in 1859. This project aimed to visually re-establish the sacred and cultural significance of the chapel for the Danish people. The series, which featured scenes from the life of Christ, was created during a period when religious art was experiencing a revival, emphasizing the need for accessible, deeply human portrayals of biblical events.

In 19th-century Denmark, religious commissions such as this reflected both the state church's influence and a growing sense of national identity rooted in shared Christian heritage. Bloch’s work, therefore, was not merely decorative but positioned as a didactic and spiritual instrument, meant to inspire and instruct viewers within a sacred space.

Religious and Cultural Significance

Bloch’s “The Last Supper” captures the moment Christ declares that one of his disciples will betray him. This episode is central to Christian theology, signifying the institution of the Eucharist and highlighting themes of loyalty, sacrifice, and the fulfillment of divine prophecy. Bloch’s image quickly became one of the most recognizable renditions of the scene, particularly in Protestant circles.

Within Danish culture, and extending into American Latter-day Saint communities, Bloch’s interpretation has become a primary visual reference. Many churches and Christian institutions adopted reproductions of his work due to its relatable, psychologically insightful depiction of Christ and the apostles. The artist’s focus on individual response—distress, confusion, innocence—among the disciples has rendered the composition profoundly human and accessible.

Symbolism and Iconography

A key element of Bloch’s work is the careful attention to symbolic details drawn from biblical tradition. Christ is centrally placed, illuminated by a gentle source of light that serves both compositional and symbolic ends; the light reinforces Christ as the “Light of the World.” His calm yet somber demeanor contrasts with the varied emotional responses of the disciples, inviting viewers to contemplate the gravity of his impending sacrifice.

The bread and wine before Christ reference the institution of Holy Communion, anchoring viewers in the theological meaning of the scene. Judas Iscariot, often isolated in Last Supper depictions, is depicted clutching a small money bag and avoiding Christ’s gaze, visually narrating his inner turmoil and ultimate betrayal. Bloch imbues each figure with distinct personality and subtle characterization—a hallmark of his artistic approach.

The surrounding architecture is rendered with classical arches, reinforcing the sacred and solemn environment. The warm hues and careful placement of table elements draw viewers into the moment, prompting reflection on the personal and communal dimensions of faith.

Artistic Techniques

Bloch’s decision to use oil on copper provided his painting with a striking luminosity and enduring vibrancy. Copper, while less common than canvas or wood, allowed for finer detail and contributed to the work’s smooth finish. Bloch exploited this medium’s reflective qualities to heighten the naturalistic rendering of flesh, fabric, and light.

His composition employs diagonal lines and dynamic gestures to lead the eye toward Christ, employing principles of Renaissance perspective and Baroque drama. The use of chiaroscuro, or strong contrasts between light and dark, serves both to model form and to dramatize the emotional tension present in the moment of revelation.

The painted figures are clearly individualized, each apostle reacting uniquely to Christ’s words. Bloch’s refined handling of facial expression and body language underscores his deep interest in psychological truth. Furthermore, his color palette—dominated by earthy reds, umbers, and ochres—evokes both warmth and solemnity, sustaining a contemplative mood appropriate to the biblical theme.

Cultural Impact

Over time, Bloch’s “The Last Supper” has exerted significant influence within religious and artistic spheres. Reproductions of the painting are frequently found in Scandinavian churches, theological institutions, and even in the homes of believers. Its accessibility and emotional clarity have contributed to its popularity in Christian worship and education.

For members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS), Bloch’s religious imagery—particularly his portrayal of Christ—has become iconic. The LDS Church adopted many of his images, licensing them for use in teaching materials, official publications, and temples. This wide exposure has made his vision of New Testament events one of the most widely recognized and cherished in the Christian world.

Moreover, Bloch’s work continues to be discussed in art historical circles for its blend of tradition and innovation—for its ability to unite Renaissance reverence with a distinctly 19th-century sensibility. Its enduring appeal lies in the empathy between the artist and his subjects, bringing ancient sacred stories to life for generations of viewers.

Sources

• Carl Bloch: The Master’s Hand, Brigham Young University Museum of Art, https://moa.byu.edu/project/carl-bloch-the-masters-hand
• “Carl Bloch: A Study and Critical Catalogue of his Works,” Jesper Svenningsen, The Danish National Art Library, https://www.kulturarv.dk/publicfftools/documents/205778.pdf
• Frederiksborg Castle Chapel Collections, National History Museum of Denmark, https://dnm.dk/en
• “The Impact of Carl Bloch’s Religious Paintings,” Deseret News, https://www.deseret.com/2010/11/14/20155216/the-impact-of-carl-bloch-s-religious-paintings
• “The Last Supper — Symbolism and Meaning,” The Biblical Archaeology Society, https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/the-last-supper-symbolism-and-meaning